A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens Essay -- Christmas Carol Charles

A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens Charles Dickens wrote his novels during the Victorian times. Britain was a harsh place at this time with the upper and lower classes being clearly separated. Dickens himself grew up as part of the lower classes, and so he knew what it was like. It was very hard for the poor to survive, many of them having no alternative but to go into the workhouses. This seemed to be the worst place to end up, as many people would rather have died than gone into the workhouses. When people went to the workhouses, they were separated from their families, forced to work long hours and hardly fed at all. The workhouse system was the upper classes solution to poverty, but it did not help at all. The lower classes were still living very hard lives. Dickens published 'A Christmas Carol' in 1843 to try to bring the lower classes hard lives to the attention of people who could do something about it; the upper classes. He decided to write a novel because he felt that more people would take an interest in a book rather than leaflet, because the attitude towards helping the poor was not good. In the novel, the main character, Scrooge, is used to personify the upper classes. The three ghosts are used to show that the poor are not all 'idle' and that some are genuinely in need. Before the ghosts came, Scrooge was 'hard and sharp as flint' and solitary as an oyster'. There is a lot of descriptive language used about Scrooge (in the 6th - 8th paragraphs) by Dickens, which gives the impression that Scrooge was bitter, cold and lonely. He believed that if people were poor, it was not his 'business' and he just wanted 'to be left alone'. He refused to give money to the poor at Christmas and sai... ...f they do not change their ways, then the poor people who still have some dignity, who were shown by the 'Ghost of Christmas Present', will also eventually become so desperate, that the seedy, dirty London that is shown by the 'Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come' is what the whole city will end up like. Dickens presents the lower classes realistically; he does not try to make out that all poor people are kind hearted. He tries to make the upper classes realise that the situation of the poor can only get better if they do something to help. He also tries to make the reader feel concerned about Tiny Tim and show the upper classes that they can help; when Tiny Tim is mentioned, it is almost like a personal appeal to the reader to help someone in need. Dickens presents the lower classes effectively and this is probably why the book is still very popular today.

Clone :: essays research papers

Pre-Mature Decision Millions of people pour into movie theatres every weekend to view movies about sports, romance, politics, and Science Fiction. While most of these movies are meant exclusively for entertainment, occasionally people will leave a theatre believing what they had viewed. Science fiction movies do this very well, especially when it comes to the topic of cloning. These movies from time to time have involved cloning machines, where a character walks into the machine and out he comes along with his clone. This might have made the movie enjoyable, but have put the idea of cloning in a bad light. There are many reasons why the public fears cloning, however, most fears are unsupported. People are afraid of cloning just as they are afraid of anything new in their lives. This immature fear led congressional representatives to an immediate ban of all research and practice of cloning. Cloning should have never been banned, the action taken was inappropriate and had absolutely no factual reasoning. The statement that "Humans are not guinea pigs" is one of the most common claims made by those who oppose cloning. However, in all morally relevant respects, this is not true. Every one of us is an experiment; a result of a couple of people getting together in the back of a car, a hotel room, or some dark and secluded part of the house, throwing together the ingredients that created us. In many cases, the people who created us may not have even wanted to form a person by their actions, though they did. In this respect, clones will be far further from being guinea pigs than most people who are conceived through traditional methods. Which means that if the cry "humans are not guinea pigs" really has some sort of moral force, it would argue for prohibiting traditional reproduction long before it will have any applicability to cloning (Fyfe par. 26-30). Another very common fear is that cloning will be used to create armies or slaves. Armies and slaves can be created faster and more cheaply by other means than cloning. This fear of a â€Å"2nd Holocaust† is very frivolous. It is unlikely that clones will ever be mass-produced as some people fear. Women would have to go through having to bear them , not mentioning that someone also has to raise them. This is an important point that much discussion about cloning overlooks.

The Injustice of Slavery: A Peoples Resistance Essay -- Slavery Essays

The Injustice of Slavery: A people’s resistance   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The history of the United States is filled to the brim with an abundance of significant events. Over the course of this nation’s young history there have been numerous social institutions. Many have been a necessity in our development. However, the US was home to one of the greatest atrocities committed on mankind. The institution of slavery is not only the most embarrassing but most sever infraction on the natural rights of man. At times there were in excess of three million black Americans enslaved in this country. It was not the dismal living conditions nor the bleak existence they lived that led them into a resistance of slavery. It was the theft, the unlawful striping of their right to life, liberty, and happiness that justly encouraged their resistance. The dehumanization of the black population in the US during the 19th century was a gross moral departure from the so called equality our nation has always strived for.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  No true American can find any sort of conflict in sharing the opinions of our forefathers. The US has its foundation built in the words of the Declaration of Independence. We live in a nation where â€Å"all men are created equal, and endowed by their creator with certain inalienable rights-among which are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.† In supporting slavery, masters dehumanized themselves and denounced the goals of America. A natural righ...

How does this opening prepare the reader for what is to come in the novel? Essay

Throughout the opening chapter of ‘Lord of the Flies’ there are many events which foreshadow later events of the novel. Golding sets the beginning of the novel at the site of the plane rash, the scar. The scar had been ‘smashed’ and had ‘shaken tree trunks’. The boys’ presence on the island has already imprinted the island. It foreshadows the future corruption the boys will make on the previously uninhabited island. There are also hints of the dangerous side of the island. A bird described as a ‘vision of red and yellow’ – nature’s warning colours for danger – sounded a ‘witch-like cry’ The ‘witch-like’ description of the cry foreshadows the ritualistic, savage and tribal state most of the boys will descend to. The potential danger is also shown by the twigs and thorns having ‘scratched’ Piggy. Additionally, the fruit is obviously inedible and causes Piggy ‘pain’, a further demonstration of the island’s ‘bad’ side. This foreshadows the island’s many features that help contribute to the boys’ future: the pigs descending the choir into savage hunters; the rock and cliff edge contributing to Piggy’s death; its location isolating the boys from civilisation. Another event prepared by the opening is Piggy and Ralph’s relationship. The contrast between the two characters is noticeable from the start. Piggy is shown to be rational and intelligent, an incredibly useful trait in the future. Whilst Ralph shows a childish innocence and optimism – ‘He’ll be back’. Ralph originally ignores Piggy; he is ‘obviously uninterested’ in Piggy’s rambles. However, he gradually begins to respond to Piggy’s questions and he ‘looked interested’. This foreshadows how Ralph and Piggy’s friendship will develop in the novel and how Ralph will come to value and appreciate Piggy’s thoughts and contributions. Additionally, Piggy ‘took off his glasses and held them out to Ralph’. This is a significant moment for many reasons. Firstly, it shows the trust already in their friendship; Piggy is reliant on the glasses to see and, without them, would be vulnerable. Secondly, the glasses come to be of great importance in the novel. They are the only piece of help from the outside World and are a necessity for starting the fires which get the boys rescued in the end. Lastly, they symbolise Piggy’s clear-sightedness and insightful thinking which he gives to Ralph in later chapters when he is chief which proves to be invaluable information for Piggy. The line, said by Piggy: â€Å"I can hardly move with all these creepers† Could be a hint towards the littluns misinterpretation of the creepers being the Beast. The creepers restricting Piggy’s movement could be a reference towards how the boys stayed primarily on the beach, the safest and most civilised place, away from the mysterious and potentially dangerous hidden depths of the forest. In conclusion, I think Golding used a range of significant details in the opening of ‘Lord of the Flies’ which are parallels of events which occur in later chapters. This provides an endearing journey with the boys’ life with ‘no grown-ups’ and no impending rules of civilisation.

Working Conditions in Bradford 19th Century

Worksheet: Living and working conditions in 19th century Bradford. This short piece of writing will be describing and explaining why and how the living and working conditions were so appalling in 19th century Bradford. A quote from the poet George Weerth in 1842 gives a graphic idea of what life was like in Bradford 19th century. He gives quite a detailed verse saying in one part that ‘you think you have been lodged with the devil incarnate’ (Bradford health-General, no date) this gives the impression that he would rather be residing or is the same as hell because of the immense disease and vile stench.He compares Bradford to Leeds, Birmingham and Manchester. The reason for these horrendous conditions was the adaptation of industrialisation and urbanisation. Industrialisation was when people moved to the cities, and machines produced things instead of by hand. When industry started to adapt, Bradford started to become worse, in 1800 Bradford had 1 spinning mill 50 years later it had 129 mills. This huge growth in industry and population had some catastrophic effects on Bradford.In 1769 the waterframe was invented, it was powered by water but, it was not a very good machine as with water there are floods, droughts, and foul smells from rivers. One of the main problems came when the use of steam came into force, as coal mills sprang up extremely fast, this transformed human relationships (capitalism). Many of the factories were dominated by women and children, as women were easily controlled and received less than a quarter of the wages that males received. In 1830 in John Woods spinning mill (which was the biggest spinning mill in Bradford) had 528 workers, 489 were women and 38 men.As the industry expanded, even more the openings of wool houses and dye houses came, later then came more shops and houses, they were built anywhere and everywhere. These houses were one up and one down, had no kitchen, no water and no toilet. People bought water private ly in barrels; little did they know that this water could have come from anywhere. At this point there was no sewerage and the dye from the dye houses flooded the town and rivers. It is said that people could set fire to Bradford canal and the water from Bradford could turn silver watch cases black.While the women and children dominated the industry, illness and sickness rates shot through the roof, while there was no sewerage and the population was uncontrollable the average age of death was 18 years old, over fifty percent of children never reached the age of five, and the majority never reached the age of one. In one district alone over five hundred people shared one toilet. In 1850 Bradford won prizes for being the biggest area for textiles, taking over places such as, Manchester and Leeds.At this point in time Bradford was at its worst ,in 1850 the graveyard was full of bodies, houses were too crowded and people kept pigs, chickens and human excrement outside their doors until farmers came and took it away (at the right cost). In the 1841-1851 census it was recorded that up to 20 people were living in one house. Unaware of the dangers of no sewerage, people thought there was no harm in this way of living, as everyone believed these diseases were miasmic diseases and the diseases were caught by overcrowded areas.They believed that decomposing animal and vegetable substances (Thompson, 1982, pp137-138) caused diseases such as smallpox, typhus, cholera and other horrific, frightful diseases. The Bradford Registration District said about twenty percent of all mortality was attributable to ‘Miasmic Diseases’ (Thompson, 1982, pp137-138) so a cleanup of the environment was needed to improve life expectancy. As a conclusion to this piece of writing, it is proven that although the mass growth in industry made Bradford into the biggest textile production area, it also caused colossal social tragedy in Bradford.The main reason for the adaptation in Brad ford was for immediate profit but unfortunately in caused disastrous effects on society.Bibliography Thompson, B (1982) â€Å"Public Provision and Private Neglect: Public Health† in â€Å"Wright, DG jowitt, JA (eds. ) Victorian Bradford. Bradford: City of Bradford Metropolitan Council, pp 137-138. Bradford Health- general (no date). Available at: http://wwwschoolhistory. org. ukgcse/medicine/publichealth/bradford (Accessed: 24 September 2009)

Sociological Perspective

The Sociological perspective stresses the social context in which people live. In other words it’s why we do the things that we do, such as our beliefs, attitudes, and guidelines we live by. It examines how these contexts influence people’s lives. It can also be defined as understanding human behavior by placing it within its broader social context. At the center of the sociological perspective is the question of how groups influence people, especially how people are influenced by society. A society is a group of people who share a culture and a territory. Sociology is similar to the other social sciences; it is also different as well. The other social sciences include anthropology, economics, political science, and psychology. Like sociology, anthropology studies the culture within. It also studies a group structure, belief systems, and deals with communication. Economics is similar to sociology because if refers to how societies goods and services are distributed, and how that distribution results in inequality. With political science you study how people govern one another, and how those in power affect people’s lives. Last but not least there’s psychology. Like sociology, psychology studies how people adjust to the difficulties of life. With similarities come all kinds of differences in most cases. Sociologists focus primarily on industrialized societies unlike anthropology which focus on tribal people. Economists and political science focus on more than one social institution, sociology focus on a single institution. Unlike psychologists, sociologists stress factors external to the individual to determine what influences people and how they adjust to life. Psychologists focus on the internal parts of your life. Most of the questions on the common sense quiz were a little shocking. Half of them were really shocking to me. One that surprises me was number two. One thing that really surprises me is the fact that women’s earnings have only gone up slightly. You would think that in the world we live today it would be equal well, to me it should be. It’s been many years since women have not been treated equally. I like to treat everyone equally, that should be the way of life. The fact that crime rate outside of fast-food restaurants is higher than crime rates outside of topless bars is very surprising and somewhat funny. I can see why though, sort of, like it said; topless bars hire security so I guess that’s the reason why the crime rates higher at a place that doesn’t have any security at all. It’s funny because there’s usually a lot of people outside of a fast-food restaurant and what are they going to do run through the drive threw and steal your food. Extensive testing of Islamic terrorist’s shows that they’re more normal then mentally ill. Get out of here, someone that wants to kill their own race and sacrifice themselves is most certainly mentally ill. Ok, there doing it because they think that that’s what there god wants. I just think that someone that wants to sacrifice themselves to their gods is mentally ill; to me it’s just not the way of life. Another one that was shocking to me was that bicyclists today that wear helmets are more likely to have a head injury than the bicyclists that don’t wear a helmet. I can see that the reason why is because the ones that wear the helmet are more likely to do something crazy than the ones without. It just really surprises me cause you think the ones not wearing a helmet would cause more head injuries. I’m terrified to do something crazy on a bike therefore I don’t need a helmet but you should always wear one. In conclusion sociology is a lot more interesting to me than any other science. It studies why we do the things that we do, and why different cultures have different ways of life. I know I’m really going to enjoy the rest of this class and will learn many new things that I never thought of before.

Dual-nitride Quantum Wells Effects on Laser Diodes

Dual-nitride Quantum Wells Effects on Laser Diodes Abstraction: This paper examines the public presentation of optical asymmetric dual-nitride quantum good focused, the sum of visible radiation in the dual quantum good structures with different structural parametric quantities were investigated. Vision charts utilize different mole fraction of aluminium in the barrier beds changes the breadth of the quantum good and barrier across the center in the scope of 1 to 5 nanometer is simulated. The consequences show an addition in the breadth of the quantum good and the rise in the center of the barrier to cut down the breadth of the visible radiation. Keywords: quantum good, nitride, laser rectifying tube. Introduction: The semiconducting material quantum well optical masers have attracted many research workers. This tool is particularly widespread usage in devices such optical masers because of the highly low threshold currents, The narrow scope of the optical maser visible radiation and less dependent on temperature than normal, doing more and more industries are scrambling to optimise these devices is semiconducting material. The light one of the most basic features of a semiconducting material optical maser is to optimise the direct consequence of the external profile such as the efficiency and power end product. On the other manus, when the active bed construction are little plenty energy province in the conductivity set and quantal capacity and merely certain energy degrees are allowed. The thin active country is a great advantage and that is that the entire figure of bearers required to obtain a denseness of transparence in the active quantum good laser than conventional laser proportion of t he thickness of the active country. [ 1 ] Broadband spread stuffs and elements ( AlN, GaN, and InN ) associated with much success in optoelectronic devices, particularly in the present decennary have, Although these stuffs belong to the group, and ionic substances are polarized. There is a really big electric field in the way of growing of nitride stuffs for their piezoelectric consequence and self-generated polarisation. [ 2 ] Working In this paper the asymmetric double quantum good that the connexion is created, the undermentioned explains: AluminumtenTabun1-xN /GaN / AltenTabun1-xN /GaN / AltenTabun1-xNitrogen Fixed breadth of barrier and the breadth of the two Wellss will changed from 1nm to 5nm. It is deserving observing in this reappraisal due to the symmetricalness of the quantum Wellss of the effects of self-generated and piezoelectric Fieldss is neglected [ 3 ] . To cipher the first optical moving ridge map and the energy set is seeking to make, the Schrodinger equation for a atom in asymmetric quantum well is expressed as follows: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . ( 1 ) Where m( ten )is the effectual mass depends on the location of the well and barrier, U ( x ) is the profile represents the set construction. In work outing this equation finite difference method, the job with boundary conditions in a peculiar matrix becomes a value. Particular values of this matrix, the allowable energy systems and particular maps of the matrix, Particle wave map is the same [ 4 ] . A measure alteration from high to low degrees seen in Step 1 Angstrom energy degrees and beckon maps are accurate. To go on working, it is necessary to find the place of the Fermi degree by the degree by and large related to the injection of bearers and therefore a individual optical maser solution, the denseness of the bearers and so, degrees Dirac-like signifier of the Fermi distribution map achieved [ 5 ] . Song equations will be as follows: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . ( 2 ) Where Ne the denseness of bearers, I current injection, ? bounds factor, ?ggroup speed equal to C/neff, gThursdaythreshold addition and as gThursday= ?I+ ?mwere as follows: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ( 3 ) And Np the denseness of photons, Rsp self-generated emanation rate, Rnr non-radiation emanation rate, ?p photon life-time, which is equal to †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ( 4 ) Where degree Celsius is the vacuity light velocity, neff is the refractile index, L is the pit length, R1 and R2 are the pit mirrors coefficient of reflection, and ?i is the internal loss. The rate equations, numerically and by PCBF 4th with MATLAB, come closing quasi-Fermi degrees calculated [ 6 ] . Given these physical parametric quantities can be achieved utilizing visible radiation that is expressed as follows: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . ( 5 ) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . ( 6 ) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . ( 7 ) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . ( 8 ) Equation ( 8 ) built-in conductivity and valency sets overlap and some are less than one and really near to one. Harmonizing to equation ( 5 ) when the incident light moving ridge withinvolvement is positive and a photon, energywill be strengthened by the stuff. It can be shown that this inequality is tantamount to the term. The comparative separation of the Fermi degree must be larger than the set spread of the visible radiation in the stuff obtained. For high negatron bearer denseness can be made. The Consequences The construction consists of a barrier were studied type with AlGaN mole fraction x = 0.7, two Wellss of GaN with a thickness of 1nm. A barrier between the quantum Wellss of the AlGaN mole fraction x = 0.2 and breadth of 1nm and eventually a barrier is made of AlGaN fraction x = 0.7 as shown in fig. ( 1 and 2 ) . Figure 1: Schematic of the construction of the survey Figure 2: The moving ridge map and energy degrees for double asymmetric potency Wellss for negatrons. In portion ( a ) can be fixed within the barrier and increase the breadth of the Wellss, the light lessenings as shown figure ( 3 and 4 ) . The cause of this diminution can be explained so that the breadth of the well additions, take part less in emanation and therefore the figure of photons produced by the reduced allowable passages. In portion ( B ) Wellss were fixed within 1nm and the breadth of the barrier will alter from 1nm to 5nm. Plug the center, similar to the alterations good, the moving ridge map and energy degrees and optical efficiency will cut down this consequence as shown in fig. ( 5 and 6 ) . In portion ( degree Celsius ) of the first good presuming changeless breadth and comprehensiveness of the barrier, with increasing breadth as the 2nd good as shown in fig. ( 7 and 8 ) , the visible radiation will be cut down. Figure 3: Optical addition in asymmetric dual quantum good nitride for assorted good width. Figure 4: Change the visible radiation to alter the breadth of the asymmetric dual-nitride quantum Wellss. Figure 5: Optical addition in asymmetric dual quantum good nitride for assorted mid-latitude blocking. Figure 6: Change the visible radiation to alter the breadth of the barrier in asymmetric dual quantum good nitride. Figure 7: Optical addition in asymmetric dual quantum good nitride for alteration in one well. Figure 8: Change the visible radiation to alter the breadth of an asymmetric dual-nitride quantum Wellss. Decision This paper examines the asymmetric dual quantum good nitride laser visible radiation is focused. Calculations show that the impact on the type of optical maser is really high so that by increasing the breadth of the quantum good and increase the breadth of the barrier, reduced productiveness and increased breadth of the emanation spectrum. Mentions: [ 1 ] Peter, S. , Zory, J. , â€Å" Quantum Well Lasers † , Elsevier, 2012 [ 2 ] Berrah, S. , Abid, H. , Boukortt, A. , Sehil, M. , â€Å"Band spread of three-dimensional AlN, GaN and InN compounds under force per unit areaâ€Å" , Turk J Phys, 30, 513–518, 2006. [ 3 ] Agrawal, G. , â€Å" Fiber-optic Communication Systems † , Wiley Interscience, 2000. [ 4 ] LOEHR, J. , â€Å" Physicss of Strained Quantum Well Lasers † , Springer Science & A ; Business Media, LLC, 1998. [ 5 ] Ivanov, P. S. , Lysak, V. V. , Sukhoivanov, I. A. , â€Å"Advanced theoretical account for simulation of surface-emitting quantum-well optical masersâ€Å" , Int. J. Numer. Model, 14, 379-394, 2001. [ 6 ] Suhara, T. , Semiconductor Laser Fundamentals, Marcel Dekker, Inc. , 2004